Is Prison Overcrowding Fixable Essay - 2020 Words

No one knows exactly when criminal law and corrections began in human society. However, it probably would have occurred at the point in social evolution when collective vengeance was first substituted for private vengeance. That is, people realized that feuding was costing the group too much in terms of injuries and lives, and some individual’s behavior was first imagined to be harmful to the group as a whole. The entire group, or the leader(s) acting for the group, took action against the offender. (Stanko 25) The idea of prison has been around for thousands of years and seems to be an integrated part of the human concept. We remove the people that disrupt society and we put them away or get rid of them. We, as a modern culture,†¦show more content†¦As a population evolves, and moves forward, so do those who choose to defect from the accepted standards that a society has in place. This evolution of the population needs to be compensated for in the prison systems by adding new rules and regulations. What brought the prisons to this overcrowded situation requiring so much focus on control? Drug-related offenses, repeated traffic violations, and incarceration for fines and fees not paid are just a few of the examples of the reasons non-violent prisoners are contributing to overcrowding. Another portion of the problem is that the sentencing of people is controlled by a large group. â€Å"All of these commissions have some degree of legislative support, although Virginia’s is located entirely within the judicial branch. Most sentencing commissions are broadly representative, including a mix of judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, correctional officials, public members, and sometimes legislators† (Torney 13). These groups are helping to keep the prisons overcrowded. Laws will need to change to allow for updated circumstances in our prisons. This updating should include re-working the justice system to include options other than prison for non-violent offenders. The process will be slow, but the ___(prison officials/head people?)_____ need to be aware that this process is essential to helpingShow MoreRelatedImprisonment is More Effective than Rehabilitation1136 Words   |  5 PagesClass B crimes include: aggravated assault, drug trafficking, and burglary of a residence. The penalty for these crimes are not to exceed 10 years in prison and can contain a fine of up to $20,000. Class C misdemeanors include perjury, burglary, and thefts of a value between $1000 and $5000. The penalty for these crimes are not to exceed 5 years in prison and can contain a fine of up to $5000. Class D misdemeanors include simple assault, operating under the influence, and theft of property valued between

South Africa and the AIDS Crisis - 2160 Words

The AIDS crisis has been a very controversial issue in the history of South Africa beginning in 1982. During this time South Africa has made a government transition from apartheid to a democracy. Since many national issues needed to be address, the AIDS crisis was pushed aside, leaving a pandemic in the process. Many factors have contributed to the issues including: poverty, social instability, high levels of sexually transmitted infections, the low status of women, sexual violence, migrant labor, limited access to quality medical care, and a history of poor leadership in the response to the pandemic. After three decades of controversy in South Africa dealing with issues involving the government, medicine, and conflict the country is still feeling the after-effect today regarding the largest AIDS pandemic. In 1982 the first case of AIDS in South Africa was diagnosed in a homosexual white man who was believed to contract the disease while in California. Later that year two hundred and fifty random blood samples were taken from homosexual men living in Johannesburg, the virus infected 12.8% of the men. When AIDs was first diagnosed, many Africans believed it was only a disease for homosexuals and drug addicts, this did not prove to be the case. The first death of a South African with AIDS occurred in 1985, while the apartheid government was under the control of President P.W. Botha. Botha held a press conference to address the threat of this disease for the country. AsShow MoreRelatedEducation, Poor Health Care Services, And Lack Of Modern Technology1626 Words   |  7 PagesLack of education, poor health care services, and lack of modern technology, are all global issues that lead to today’s health care crisis in South Africa. There are many negative images of Africa and its people that are learned by reading and listening to documentaries and following the news. 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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO GOVERNANCE 2.1 Corporate Governance in South Africa To understand the role internal auditors play in improving governance processes, one has to fully understand the meaning of the word governance and also the role governance plays in South Africa. Smerdon states that corporate governance is ‘the system by which companiesRead More Africas Health Care Crisis Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pages The residents of Africa are suffering from preventable, treatable, and fatal diseases everyday at a higher rate compared to developed countries. The healthcare crisis in Africa is the primary cause of all these deaths, and includes inefficient healthcare systems. Consequently, Africans inefficient healthcare systems results in poor delivery of care and a shortage of health professionals. The healthcare crisis in Africa is a current issue impacting the lives of many Africans who dont have theRead MoreEssay about Cipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 20121055 Words   |  5 PagesCipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 2012 1 °) Since AIDS was identified in 1982, various entities have been aiming at limiting the expansion of the pandemic. However each of these entities has had a different role and thus different results: * The World Health Organization has had a critical role through the coordination of the different actors involved. It has obtained significant results in terms of treatments coverage in the last few years. Its action has been completed by the UNAIDSRead MoreBritish Colonialism and Zimbawe, a History1189 Words   |  5 Pagesopposing foreign hegemony. By primarily confronting males and conscripting them to labor, the British exalted the significance of males in relation to Shona and Ndebele social structures, which continues to resonate in black nationalism and in the HIV/AIDS crisis. In a gradual British-enforced concession of white minority rule to popular sovereignty, the predominantly Shona Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and its leader, Robert Mugabe, consolidated an initial political presence through socialist,Read MoreHiv And Aids : Aids2422 Words   |  10 PagesHIV AND AIDS It is hard to think of a place that HIV and AIDS is more drastic in Africa than in the Sub-Saharan part of Africa. Whereas, you hear that HIV AND AIDS is common in low and middle income countries and Sub-Saharan Africa in one of them. Uganda and South Africa is recognized for having the largest population of people living with HIV and AIDS. Most project, conference or debaters have visualized that the reasons for the widespread of HIV and AIDS is sexual transmission andRead MoreForeign Aid Benefit Or Impairs A State Within The International Community1324 Words   |  6 Pages Elicia Alvarado 100244931 This essay will be discussing if Foreign Aid benefits or impairs a state within the international community. Foreign aid is essential for many states to survive. Foreign aid is a policy that highly developed countries (HDC’s), offer a range of support to less developed countries (LDC’s). There are many forms of aid from HDC’s. For example, the Marshall Plan was an American initiative enacted during World War II. This plan was developed to elevate statesRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Sub Saharan Africa855 Words   |  4 Pagesworld as a whole should be mortified by what is happening in Sub-Saharan Africa. In places like Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho poverty, crime and systematic corruption are the tinder for the fire that is the HIV epidemic in Africa. Of the 35 million people living with HIV in the world, 19 million do not know their HIV-positive status. Adolescent girls and young women account for one in four new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Women are much more vulnerable to HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis B and

Hard Times Introduction Essay Example For Students

Hard Times Introduction Essay A Modest ProposalJonathan Swift wrote this essay as a satirical proposal for the purpose of exploiting social and economic issues in a sophisticated and comic way. Its main purpose is to prevent the poor people of Ireland, particularly the children, not to be burdens on their parents and to their country and for making them useful to society. This proposal suggesting the idea of cannibalism is a grimly sarcastic letter of recommendation in which the citizens of Ireland suggest that economic conditions could be diminished if the poor parent=s children were used as dainty for the nobles and gentlemen=s dinner table. Swift presented his proposal by making his idea appealing to the public. He does this by focusing on the positive outcome of his proposal: the number of Catholics will be lessened, the poor people will have something to pay their bills with and the shortage of food will be solved. Swift was concerned mainly with the dilemma of his own class that=s why he made this proposal. He was annoyed at the apathy of the Irish people who got used to their situation that they seemed powerless to change how England and a wealthy Irish businessman mistreated their own kind. Swift expressed his rage and anger by making his proposal bizarre, which he suggested cannibalism eating babies, selling them to the market as a source of income. He suggests that since babies cannot be useful to the nation because they are still-dependant on their parents, and since their parents only earn little money, why not treat them as livestock? So that it gives the parent extra money after they sell the babies meat to the market. I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children. In this quotation the proposer suggested that a way for the poor people to pay their rent, by breeding and selling their year old infants to the landlord in order to gain enough mo ney to pay their logging. His intention wasnt only to help the Irish people but also to ridicule ( in a satirical way) the Catholic religion because its a well-known fact that the stereotypical Catholic (native Irish Catholics) likes to have a lot of children and the Anglo Irish (rich Protestant Irish) were worried because they were being out numbered by the native Irish. The consumption of the poor Irish babies by the rich, implicates that the Protestants are winning the holy religious war by grossly reducing the number of Catholic with respect to the number of Protestant. This essay can be considered as a work of satire because of Swifts peculiar idea of making the poor peoples baby as a prime delicacy to feed the starving people of Ireland. He treated the poor people as if they had no personality or character, in other words like animals. Behind this bizarre proposal is a serious Jonathan Swift who is deeply concern in the future of Ireland in the hands of England. A Modest Proposal is a presentation of Swifts anger and aggravation, but also it is simply the most cruel, the most inhuman and the most heavily ironic proposal in an attempt to humiliate England and to stun Ireland out of its lifeless state. The cleverest thing that Jonathan Swift does is when he excludes himself by saying I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past childbearing. He makes a final shot at lawmakers, and proves him self a hypocrite, having known fully well that he himself could not have gone through these hardships he proposeda final bit of humor since he would, ironically, never be able be to profit from his own proposal. .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .postImageUrl , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:hover , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:visited , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:active { border:0!important; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:active , .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8 .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4db555266722fa2fbabe1ddd898602b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Looking Back - My Uncle Bempah EssayA modern reader would consider this proposal as abhorrent, and a heinous proposal because it deviates all the norms and values of our modern society, but if we are going to look at Swift point of view, its not bad at all because his main purpose was not to annihilate the Catholic race, his main

Online Grading System free essay sample

?Information technology has developed the lives of human beings and made the it easier by the various kinds of applications. There are many tools, technologies and systems that have been produced and invented through the use of IT. ?Computer works in many ways that is totally different from human beings. The flow of works in an automated system can differ quite considerably from the manual system. In present time, IT in business is really rising, making it extremely in demand in our society. It helps us in minimizing time in doing our works and brings us a quick result in a short period of time (Howard, 1990). These computer technologies usually use in different aspects because it helps a lot in terms of their services. ?Nowadays all the businesses are shifting into computer based system because its purpose is to give an efficient and easy way of doing activities with less time spend daily. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Grading System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This application exceeds even in educational institutions and the finest example is library management system. In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of instructors. It involves the collection and evaluation of evidence on students achievement or performance over a specified period of time, such as nine weeks, an academic semester, or entire school year. Through this process, various types of descriptive information and measures of students performance are converted into grades or marks that summarize students accomplishments. The increasing usage of computers in the mid and late 90’s gave way for the birth of a new technological advancement that had assisted teachers and professors to easily compute for grades, the digitization of spreadsheets. The main advantage is speed, since no manual calculations are needed, and confirmation of grade for any further necessary alterations can also be performed more quickly than traditional means. Managing grades had become easier for instructors when using electronic spreadsheets. Project Context ?The project entitled Online Class Record Management System is an online grading system that deals with recording of grades, monitoring the grades of the students, updating the teachers on Department of Education’s announcements and updates the parents on the current status of the grades of their children. ?The main problem of manual computing of grades is that the recording of grades are taking more time. This may result to delay in updating the students performance every term. Another problem is that the students are not observed well. As teachers take time to manually compute and place the scores of students in a record, it also eats the time that may help in assessing a students analytical behaviour, his interpersonal relations with others, and rooms for academical improvement. Here in the Philippines, as we continue to improve the needs of education, we see the need to improve efficiency in calculating grades that can start as baby steps in the future of academic innovation. ?Online grading system is a website that will record the input grades and automatically calculate it. This will keep the teachers go along with the technology. This will show the ranking or the statistical graph of the all the students per year level that the teachers are holding. This will be the way to monitor the students. This website also has a features that will send the scores of exams and class records of the students to their parents. Purpose and Description The proponents analyze the findings in system evaluation to improve and apply the suggestions of the respondents to the proposed system. Purpose. Now a days, people are more interacted on computers especially on internet where they can access private data and use this to give them accurate and fast way to accomplish their tasks. The proponents developed a website that helps the teachers in recording and monitoring the grades of the students. This proposed system helps the instructors, teachers or professors in grading the students in the fastest way. This can help them save time and effort instead of wasting lots of days computing and give a lot of effort in arranging and clearing before passing it to the principal or other head of the school. Online grade posting can eliminate the need for progress reports, saving paper in printing, thus making a paperless grading system. An online grading system is a quick and efficient way for teachers and parents to interact with each other for a positive education experience. Through online grading system, teachers can post the grades of his students, at his convenience, thru the website of the school in internet. Students can also view their grades anywhere and anytime in just one click. Description. The theoretical framework shows the Input-Process-Output of the proposed system. Manually, the teachers record the grades in a class record book. All activities in the classroom is indicated in that book such as exams, activities, quiz, homework and recitations. In the proposed system, the manual recording of the grades is improved by the use of Online Class Record Management System. This is website that will make it faster and reliable. The proponents study and analyze the results of the system evaluation and apply the suggestions of the defendants in the proposed system. In the data gathering stage, the information and suggestions of the respondents are gathered to give the proponents the idea and knowledge in planning the proposed system. In system analysis stage, the flow and diagrams are worked out for the designing the phase of the proposed system. In system designing stage, the proponents make a systems interface and layout. In system developed stage, it includes coding and testing of a system and the output is the Online Class Record Management System and that will be evaluated by the defendants. Objectives Teachers have been using class record book for past long years. Manually recording grades of the students leads them to rush and not organized records. Due to increased number of the students, the teachers has difficulty in organizing and maintaining the records of the grades. General Objective. The general objective of the study is to design, develop and deliver a website that will manage the daily recording and computing of the grades. ?Specific Objectives. Specifically the project sought to accomplish the following: 1. To establish an online class record that can compute the grades of the students (K-12). 2. To motivate the teachers to use the Standard Computing of Grades from the Department of Education (DepEd). 3. To preserve the connection between the teachers and the parents regarding the reports and records of the student. 4. To make a statistical graph to see how many students needs guidance and to maintain the respectable records of the students that good in academic activities. 5. To develop a well – designed system that would: a. provide the computation and print out the grades of the student b. build a messenger that can send grades for mobile phones c. give an opportunity for the teachers to reduce the time spends d. provide a database that can handle all information from the user and handle the grades e. provide an easy way to pay the premium account for the users f. build an easy update on the news and announcement from DepEd g. build a connection for all the teachers that uses the system Scope and Limitations The teachers are manually record the grades of the students for the past years. This section presents the scope and limitations of the project. Scope. The scope of the study aims to help the teachers to reduce time spend in recording and gathering the grades of their students. This study focuses in computing and managing the grades in the fastest way. This study contains information from Department of Education (DepEd) that help them update from the announcements. This will also benefit the parents from the messenger that sends them the scores of their children in their examination through text message and E-mail. It can also monitor the students that need the supervision and attention on their standing in academic subjects. Online class record management includes the printed document of the grades for passing the overall grades to the head of their school. ?Limitations. However, accessing this website also has limitations. This website cannot be access without the use of internet connection. The user must have an Internet connection in order to browse the system. One of the reasons why the proponents develop this system is to help the individual teachers in managing their class records on the fastest and accurate way. The system itself cannot provide any special attention for any other institution specially schools. †¢ . COM. Web Hosting of the site will only be available for couple of months including the final presentation date. †¢ Non-reply SMS. This system will notify the parents through SMS that the message from the system is not valid for replying. †¢ E-mail Reply. This system is only valid to have a reply using an E-mail address of the user as the receiver. †¢ Forum Friendly. Only users that has an account can comment in the forum section of the system. †¢ Payment. This system will give only one (1) year free access for the users. If the user wanted to extend the subscription there will be an in charge payment. CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL BACKGROUND This chapter contains four (4) sections, namely: Research Approach In Fair Isn’t Always Equal: Assessing and Grading in the Differentiated Classroom, Rick Wormeli does not mince words as he calls for teachers to engage in honest discussion about grading: There are some aspects of teaching that we keep in cages in hopes they will never escape. . . . We don’t share our concerns with our own grading approach or that of a colleague’s often, and we don’t spend time with each other determining the meaning of a C, an A, or discussing what constitutes a 3. 5 on a rubric. . . . The day is upon us, however. It’s time to talk about grades, grading, and report cards openly, if we haven’t before, questioning assump- tions, embracing alternatives, and focusing on the promise of what teaching and learning can be. (89–90) Methodology Requirements Analysis Systems Requirements Research Approach †¢ It refers to the research method to be used in the project study. Research method is a technique used in conducting a research. For example, conducting data collection, data analysis techniques, sampling techniques, etc. Methodology †¢ It refers to the software/ system development methodology. †¢ In software engineering, it is a framework that is used to structure, plan and control the process of developing a program/ software. (diagram lang to ng process ng website kung paano tumatakbo) Requirements Analysis †¢ In systems engineering and software engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements. (feasiblity namin to) Systems Requirements †¢ This section lists and discusses the hardware, software, peopleware and network specifications used during development and implementation of the software project. (hardware, software specs namin to) pakiexplain na lang ate na eto yung mga nilalaman ng chapter 3 namin. eto ung papacheck ko na pwede kaduktong nitong chapter: Technical Background This chapter still focus on system analysis of the project. The data gathering is written here and other observations are also indicated in this chapter. System analysis is defined as the process of studying a procedure in order to identify the projects goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that will achieve them in an efficient way. This chapter serves as a resolution in the last chapter (see chapter 2). In that chapter, the problems that may encounter in developing this system are discussed. The chapter 2 is the source of a theoretical basis for the project while in this chapter includes the observations in making the data gathering. This serves as the section of interviews, questionnaires and surveys that the proponents do.

Simple Disparaître Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Disparaà ®tre Verb Conjugations in French French verb conjugations can be challenging, particularly when it comes to words like  disparaà ®tre. Meaning to disappear, this is an irregular verb and that makes memorizing its many conjugates difficult. Yet, a quick lesson and some dedicated practice will help you out tremendously. Conjugating the French Verb  Disparaà ®tre In English, we use -ing and -ed endings for verb conjugations. Its more complex in French because the ending changes not only from the past to the present or future tense  but also with the number of people or things were talking about. Disparaà ®tre  is an  irregular verb  and while it is not the most common conjugation pattern, nearly all  French verbs ending in  -aà ®tre  are conjugated in the same way. While you are learning and practicing these conjugations, you may want to tackle two or three similar words to make the entire group just a little easier. Using the table, study each of the  disparaà ®tre  conjugations. Simply pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense and youre on the way to forming a complete sentence. For instance, I am disappearing is je disparaà ®s and we will disappear is nous disparaà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je disparais disparaà ®trai disparaissais tu disparais disparaà ®tras disparaissais il disparaà ®t disparaà ®tra disparaissait nous disparaissons disparaà ®trons disparaissions vous disparaissez disparaà ®trez disparaissiez ils disparaissent disparaà ®tront disparaissaient The Present Participle of  Disparaà ®tre The   present participle  of disparaà ®tre  is  disparaissant. Not only is this a verb, it can also become an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another popular way to express the past tense disappeared in French. To form it, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then add the  past participle  disparu. For example, I disappeared is jai disparu  Ã‚  while we disappeared is nous avons disparu. More Simple  Disparaà ®tre  Conjugations to Learn Should you find that the action of disappearing is questionable or not guaranteed, the subjunctive verb mood can be used. In a similar fashion, the conditional verb mood implies that the action will only happen  if  something else occurs. The passà © simple is primarily found in formal French writing, so you may not use it yourself. The same can be said of the imperfect subjunctive, though it is good to be able to recognize these as forms of  disparaà ®tre. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je disparaisse disparaà ®trais disparus disparusse tu disparaisses disparaà ®trais disparus disparusses il disparaisse disparaà ®trait disparut disparà »t nous disparaissions disparaà ®trions disparà »mes disparussions vous disparaissiez disparaà ®triez disparà »tes disparussiez ils disparaissent disparaà ®traient disparurent disparussent In the imperative verb form,  disparaà ®tre  is used for short commands and requests. There is no need to include the subject pronoun here: simplify tu disparais to disparais. Imperative (tu) disparais (nous) disparaissons (vous) disparaissez

Doris Lessing - Novelist, Memoirist, Essayist

Doris Lessing - Novelist, Memoirist, Essayist Doris Lessing Facts: Known for: Doris Lessing has written many novels, short stories, and essays, most about contemporary life, often pointing to social injustices. Her 1962 The Golden Notebook became an iconic novel for the feminist movement for its consciousness-raising theme. Her travels to many places in the British sphere of influence have influenced her writings.Occupation: writer short stories, novels, essays, science fictionDates: October 22, 1919 -  November 17, 2013Also known as: Doris May Lessing, Jane Somers, Doris Taylor Doris Lessing Biography: Doris Lessing was born in Persia (now Iran), when her father worked for a bank. In 1924, the family moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where she grew up, as her father tried to make a living as a farmer. Though she was encouraged to go to college, Doris Lessing dropped out of school at age 14, and took clerical and other jobs in Salisbury, South Rhodesia, until her marriage in 1939 to a civil servant. When she divorced in 1943, her children stayed with their father. Her second husband was a Communist, whom Doris Lessing met when she also became a Communist, joining what she saw as a more pure form of Communism than she saw in the Communist parties in other parts of the world. (Lessing rejected Communism after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.) She and her second husband divorced in 1949, and he emigrated to East Germany. Later, he was the East German ambassador to Uganda and was killed when Ugandans revolted against Idi Amin. During her years of activism and married life, Doris Lessing began writing. In 1949, after two failed marriages, Lessing moved to London; her brother, first husband, and two children from her first marriage remained in Africa. In 1950, Lessings first novel was published: The Grass Is Singing, which dealt with issues of apartheid and interracial relationships in a colonial society. She continued her semi-autobiographical writings in three Children of Violence novels, with Martha Quest as the main character, published in 1952-1958. Lessing visited her African homeland again in 1956, but was then declared a prohibited immigrant for political reasons and banned from coming back again. After the country became Zimbabwe in 1980, independent of British and white rule, Doris Lessing returned, first in 1982. She wrote of her visits in African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe, published in 1992. Having rejected communism in 1956, Lessing became active in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In the 1960s, she became skeptical of progressive movements and more interested in Sufism and nonlinear thinking. In 1962, Doris Lessings most widely-read novel, The Golden Notebook, was published. This novel, in four sections, explored aspects of the relationship of an independent woman to herself and to men and women, in a time of re-examining sexual and political norms. While the book inspired and fit in with increasing interest in consciousness-raising, Lessing has been somewhat impatient with its identification with feminism. Beginning in 1979, Doris Lessing published a series of science fiction novels, and in the 80s published several books under the pen name Jane Somers. Politically, in the 1980s she supported the anti-Soviet mujahideen in Afghanistan. She also became interested in issues ecological survival and returned to African themes. Her 1986 The Good Terrorist is a comedic story about a cadre of left-wing militants in London. Her 1988 The Fifth Child deals with change and family life in the 1960s through 1980s. Lessings later work continues to deal with peoples lives in ways that highlight challenging social issues, though shes denied that her writing is political. In 2007, Doris Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Background, Family: Father: Alfred Cook Taylor, farmerMother: Meily Maude McVeagh Marriage, Children: husbands:Frank Charles Wisdom (married 1939, dissolved 1943)Gottfried Anton Nicholas Lessing (married 1945, dissolved 1949)children:first marriage: John, Jeansecond marriage: Peteradopted informally: Jenny Diski (novelist) Selected Doris Lessing Quotations   The Golden Notebook  for some reason surprised people but it was no more than you would hear women say in their kitchens every day in any country. That is what learning is. You suddenly understand something youve understood all your life, but in a new way. Some people obtain fame, others deserve it. Think wrongly, if you please, but in all cases think for yourself. Any human anywhere will blossom in a hundred unexpected talents and capacities simply by being given the opportunity to do so. There is only one real sin and that is to persuade oneself that the second-best is anything but second best. Whats really terrible is to pretend that the second-rate is the first-rate. To pretend that you dont need love when you do, or you like your work when you know quite well youre capable of better. You only learn to be a better writer by actually writing. I dont know much about creative writing programs. But theyre not telling the truth if they dont teach, one, that writing is hard work, and, two, that you have to give up a great deal of life, your personal life, to be a writer. The current publishing scene is extremely good for the big, popular books. They sell them brilliantly, market them and all that. It is not good for the little books. Trust no friend without faults, and love a woman, but no angel. Laughter is by definition healthy. This world is run by people who know how to do things. They know how things work. They are equipped. Up there, theres a layer of people who run everything. But we were just peasants. We dont understand whats going on, and we cant do anything. It is the mark of great people to treat trifles as trifles and important matters as important It is terrible to destroy a persons picture of himself in the interests of truth or some other abstraction. What is a hero without love for mankind? In  university  they dont tell you that the greater part of the law is learning to tolerate fools. With a library you are free, not confined by temporary political climates. It is the most democratic of institutions because no one - but no one at all - can tell you what to read and when and how. Nonsense, it was all nonsense: this whole damned outfit, with its committees, its conferences, its eternal talk, talk, talk, was a great con trick; it was a mechanism to earn a few hundred men and women incredible sums of money. All political movements are like this we are in the right, everyone else is in the wrong. The people on our own side who disagree with us are heretics, and they start becoming enemies. With it comes an absolute conviction of your own moral superiority. Theres  oversimplification  in  everything,  and a terror of flexibility. Political correctness is the natural continuum from the party line. What we are seeing once again is a self-appointed group of vigilantes imposing their views on others. It is a heritage of communism, but they dont seem to see this. It was OK, us being Reds during the  war,  because we were all on the same side. But then the Cold War started. Why were the Europeans bothered about the Soviet Union at all? It was nothing to do with us. China had nothing to do with us. Why were we not building, without reference to the Soviet Union, a good society in our own countries? But no, we were all in one way or another obsessed with the bloody Soviet Union, which was a disaster. What people were supporting was failure. And continually justifying it. All sanity depends on this: that it should be a delight to feel heat strike the skin, a delight to stand upright, knowing the bones are moving easily under the flesh. I have found it to be true that the older Ive become the better my life has become. The great secret that all old people share is that you really havent changed in seventy or eighty years. Your body changes, but you dont change at all. And that, of course, causes great confusion. And then, not expecting it, you become middle-aged and anonymous. No one notices you. You achieve a wonderful freedom. For the last third of life there remains only work. It alone is always stimulating, rejuvenating, exciting and satisfying. Bed is the best place for reading, thinking, or doing nothing. Borrowing is not much better than begging; just as lending with interest is not much better than stealing. I was brought up on the farm in the bush, which was the best thing that happened, it was just a wonderful childhood. None of you [men] ask for anything except everything, but just for so long as you need it. A woman without a man cannot meet a man, any man, without thinking, even if its for a half second, perhaps this is  the  man.

Human Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Human Morals - Essay Example The paper tells that people have moral values – this is a universal maxim. However, philosopher, thinkers and scholars differ in their opinion on the history and origin of human morals. While some like Karl Marx believe that morality is a product of capitalism, Stankov contends that man’s nature acquired a moral sense in pre-historic times. Debates and discussions continue with the proponents and opponents presenting their arguments. Different religious groups also have their own stand on the origins of human morals. For instance, Christianity believes that morality has been endowed by God in the form of Ten Commandments. Even though morals are natural and spontaneous, with time and as situations changed, certain modifications have been made based on the religious and cultural affiliations, to help people cope with the changed environment. However, human morals are basically innate and universal because if they were not innate they would not be spontaneous, and some mor als would not be universally accepted by every society, culture and religion. Morals are the values that are concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong. Morals are concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human character and action. This implies that virtuous deeds are those that conform to standards of what is right or just in behavior. Moral behavior is defined as the action of a person who sympathetically takes into account the impact of his action on others. (Ayala, 2010). Moral beliefs are the beliefs that one has about how to live life when one takes a sympathetic view of how the person’s life and decisions impact others. However, moral beliefs and values, the moral standards or morality have changed with time. It also depends upon individual environment, individual experience, upon religions and upon the cultural environment that one grows up in. Morals are natural and morality is the expression o f man’s innermost character (Johnston, 1916). Morals are spontaneous, honest and straightforward; they are traditional and universal. Humans and morals Human conduct involves not just consciousness but self-consciousness. Human are the only moral beings endowed with the mind and reasons, endowed with consciousness and self-consciousness, with personality, free-will and conscience (Stankov, n.d.). This implies that all humans possess moral strength – they are thinkers, workers and creators, responsible for the harmony of the world. Stankov states that since the formation of the homo sapiens in prehistoric times, man’s nature acquired a moral sense. No other creature is responsible for all its deeds and humans are held responsible because they have been endowed with the moral sense. Marxism treats consciousness as a derivative of the material process. However, attributes such as hatred, selfishness and violence on the one hand and loving, caring and fellow-feeling on the other, constitute the moral sphere and these are independent of the material process (Patnaik, 1995). The material sphere is also important for the human existence but it has no connection with the spiritual reality. Marx believes that the moral history of humankind has no parameters but is a derivative of the material history. The human species possesses moral as well as physical structures both of which are essential to satisfy its needs. The psychic structure is the starting point of the moral evolution. Nietzsche believes that are no absolute morals and there are no moral systems that humans need to abide by. This implies that he does not believe in any moral system and the strong can overpower the weak by any system. He states in the Genealogy of Morals that there are no moral codes of conduct; there are no values or actions that are moral (Nietzsche, 2009). People interpret them as good or bad, moral or immoral. This view implies that human morals are not internal and that they do not drive or guide an individual from performing or not performing any act. It also