International Business Strategy Of Mnc In Emerging Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3059 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The research aims to observe the different adaptive strategies employed by the multinational corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (MNC) while it enters the emerging economies, analysing market potential, business growth, and the foreign direct investment in the country, with its effects on the (GDP) gross domestic product and corporate social responsibility of the emerging market. Objectives The objective of this research is to gauge in the success or failure of the difference in approach applied by the multinational corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (MNC) to the emerging market how effective is the strategy and what scope and the way to enter the new market through a merger acquisition or its own subsidiary to function in those testing environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Business Strategy Of Mnc In Emerging Markets" essay for you Create order Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNEs) need to adjust to the multifaceted business environment of each host country (Dunning and Lundan, 2008a)  [2]  . This challenge Increases with the differences between the foreign and MNEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home environment. The More à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"distantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a host country from the organizational centre of the MNE, physically And in terms of mutual understanding, the more the à ¯Ã‚ ¬?rm has to bridge differences in Culture, in laws and regulations, and in human resources (Ghemawat, 2007)  [3]  ; Shenkar, 2001)  [5]  . MNEs must adapt their business strategies and organizational forms to manage these differences (Kogut and Singh, 1988; Kostova and Roth, 2002)  [6]  . With the development of the international business in the developed economies of the world, they faced saturation of their domestic markets which led them to search for alternate markets for their product and services. There was an immediate surge to cut down the cost of labour which was rising, forcing them to implement cost cutting strategy, which in turn led to the growth of international business, In the beginning the company would engage in export and import however with the change in the time, technology, availability of cheap labour and transport it has made it easier for these companies to target international shores for business Literature review This is research aims at formulating the scope of the international strategy in the emerging markets by analysing the current situation of the economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and the theories applied to the context of emerging nation in the past taking into consideration the degree of their effectiveness into account and postulating new perspective and dimension to it. The analysis of the early phase of the market emergence, Institutional theory helps in comprehending the impact on the enterprise strategies this is due to the strong influence of the government in the emerging economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to that of developed economies . The role of institutional theory is reviewed in context to the other theories and their interactions in understanding the emerged and the developed market economies. The International business strategy adopted by the MNC for the emerging markets has played a significant part for their market entry against the barriers to the host country. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON STRATEGY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES When we analyse the market in the emerging economies with respect to its earlier phase of emergence, it is the institutional theory which is the most significant in helping to explain the impacts on enterprise strategies. This is due to the influence exercised by the government and societal are stronger in these emerging economies as compared to the developed economies. As market matures, transaction cost economics and, subsequently, the resource-based view is more important. However, there is a fervent need to consider the importance of the interactions between institutional theory and other theories to increase our understandings of the emerging and developed market economies by drawing the differentiating between them. An Institutional Theory Perspective The role played by institutions in emerging economies. Institutional theory emphasizes the influences of the systems surrounding organizations that shape social and organizational behaviour (Scott, 1995)  [13]  . From a sociological orientation, Palmer, Jen-nings, and Zhou (1993)  [21]  discussed industrial reform in China and attributed its success to market-leaning institutional change, gradual relaxation of state owner-ship and control, and development of private prop-erty rights. Research implications The number of theoretical and empirical studies using an institutional perspective in emerging economies is limited, even though some theorists have argued that this perspective is the most applicable paradigm for explaining enterprise behaviour in emerging economies (Shenkar von Glinow, 1994)  [23]  pointed out, the process of institutionalization should be of interest in future theoretical and empirical work. A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective Transaction cost economics studies the firm-environment-ronment interface through a contractual or ex-change-based approach (Williamson, 1975)  [30]  . Limitation The criticisms and recent development in the literature which is identified above are apt in comprehending the strategy of the enterprise in emerging economies, as the transaction cost economics has been applied primarily to the developed market economies which are characterized by their strong legal regimes and binding social norms, less is known about governance structures for transaction cost in emerging economies. Choi, Lee, Kim (1999)  [32]  . High transaction costs would refer to a preference for hierarchical governance structures over the private market. Opportunistic behaviour, normally reduced by contract law, trust, or reputation, is also much more likely under such circumstances. As per the scholars the most efficient governance structure in emerging economies is hybrid structures dominating both markets and hierarchies is the solution. For example, Peng and Heath (1996)  [33]  argued that it is difficult for emerging market firms to grow internally or throug h mergers and acquisitions owing to lack of property rights and unstable political structures. They suggested us-in networks as a hybrid strategy. By pooling and coordinating resources, firms can achieve economies of scale and scope, and organizational learning can occur. Resource-Based Perspective The resource based view regarding the emerging economies, the central questions addressed by the re-source-based view concern why firms differ and how they achieve and sustain competitive advantage? Penrose (1959)  [41]  , who found that the Hollywood film industry pro-vided a context that changed over time and created different strategic assets as changes were made. To this point, little research using a resource-based-view framework has examined strategy differences in the social context of emerging economies. Adapting theses theories in the research for the thesis with a new perspective and dimensions the research on the international strategy of MNC in emerging market is further investigated to find the answers to certain question during the course of the research. A) What are the effects of strategy on the Mnc in respect to the modern times? b) How difficult is the task of MNC easy to settle down in a new country? c) What are the real barriers to the entry of t hese MNc? d) Does the strategy adopted really help with respect to CSR? e) Do the theories by scholar on emerging market have any positive inference on the MNC f) The role of govt in the smooth transition and policies g) Are the MNC a success or Failure with their normal global strategy h) How do the cultural differences is an obstacle in the way of MNC Challenges /Difficulties The MNC entering for the first time, may benefit from a relatively low informal distance which is most likely to increase their co-operation between with the local firms with respect to their understanding the barriers to communication, however with the difference of geographical distance there is a burden for the MNC to bear the cost involved in communication and co-ordination as cultural differences are most likely to hinder the smooth functionality and the firm may find it difficult to incorporate the existing operations with the local firm or they may establish a co-owner relationship with the local firm rather than functioning on their own, however to ease their functioning it has to co-operate with the local firms to resolve differences pertaining to the cross culture issues. Institutional differences may be reduced over a period of time by experimental learning, moreover it may benefit from the local firms contacts in the market like the local supplier distributor and the lo cal authorities, hence it reduces the investors direct contact with the unknown local environment which is an added advantage and it gets the existing information of the market through the local firm The Research Methodology In this research would aim to use both primary and secondary method to go in-depth to have an insight of the emerging market what are the strategy barriers for foreign investors like an MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s how could it be made smoother the support from the government, Primary source This method is applied to retrieve information by the researcher for the first time for a specific purpose of their field of studies. It constitutes Questionnaire Direct observation, Interviews and surveys, in this particular research the application of questionnaire and survey does exist however with the diverse field like a MNC which is in an emerging market hence it is too broad not required. Secondary Sources This method states the information is already compiled by someone who did a research prior to the current one in a similar field for some other objective, the secondary data is classified into two internal and external data, the information in the form of data compiled within the company is Internal and the information which may be retrieved from external sources like libraries, journals, websites, business magazines, articles. The main components of secondary data are Book review The books which are relevant to the thesis along with the articles and journals would be reviewed for data and theories for the research. Internet research This would give an insight to the markets past history and provide comprehensive data source for the research along with the articles that are available to browse useful for the research. Documents The documents published by the MNC in the emerging market would be used a useful literature for the research to draw a comparison from past performance and the transition into the new country in regards to the financial statements and distinguish it with other MNC on success and failure The advantages of secondary source of research is its availability and accessibility with the low cost involved to retrieve the information and another aspect of secondary data could be observed closely for a longer duration it is not time bound, although it does have its own share of demerits as the information pertaining to the current research may not have been collected or the other dimension or area or research could be extremely different with aim and objective contrasting each other with the region directed a specific population that may not be the researchers sphere of interest. Data collection The strategy employed for assembling data need to a multi-dimensional with a modern approach as data pertaining to market of emerging economies keep on changing on a day to day hence the conventional sampling approach can be difficult to implement for example the various sources of data like telephone directory, government data could become rapidly outdated. The data which may be collected from a company may not necessarily be consistent in comparison to the data possessed by the government authority hence it thus become a significant factor to collaborate the different studies to analyse and find the right method for data collection with questionnaire, surveys being dependent on the postal service. Hence Collaborative projects with local researchers using face-to-face interviews may be a key means of gaining access to data sources (Lee Miller, 1999)  [43]  used quantitative questionnaires, qualitative interviews, and multiple informants to increase the validity and reliabilit y of their measures of organizational competence, variable measurement do pose a number of problems that present a difficulty in strategy research in emerging economies. The data collection is further classified into primary and secondary data source. Primary data source The data collected for the first time by the researcher applicable for the research purpose through a direct interview or questionnaire constitutes the primary data; however in the research we do employ the use of a questionnaire technique for the purpose of primary data collection. Questionnaire It is one of the most reliable means of credibly collecting data which has a reasonably low cost associated hence making it more adoptive for the research, the questionnaire is designed with multiple objective question for the managers of the MNC, to gauge the strategy which were adapted from their general course of business to meet the emerging markets. Secondary data The data collected by the prior researchers for their research in the similar field, are the alternate source for the current researcher to fall back on as it provides an insight to the data required, due to the difficulty in collecting data by means of primary sources secondary sources prove to be very useful. There are three secondary sources employed in the research. Book review The data collected through the literary sources like articles, newspaper, business magazines, and journals, regarding the strategy of MNC on emerging market, with the availability of most of the literary sources at the university library, business journals , electronic journals accessed through the university portal like Business source premier, Jstor, Emerald, and Google scholar helps in collecting data for the research. Internet Research Information retrieved from browsing the website of the MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which would give an insight to the existing market as well as the earlier market data for the past 5 to 10 years providing a new dimension to distinguish and collate data, the information in these website gets updated on regular intervals hence access date is mentioned along with the reference. Documents The data compiled from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s published documents over the years do provide a fresh perspective to the research The problems of Data collections The topic of the research is broad and hence it expands in volume due to the vast field of emerging market and international business strategy employed by different MNC, hence collating data on the emerging market is primarily available in a secondary form of data is voluminous turning out to be a little difficult to narrow down, as the research aims to narrow its parameter of data collection and concentrate on the specific set of goals to imbibe a good quality. The secondary source of data available might not be applicable to research in a larger context and might not provide the answers to the objectives of the research, the other difficulty that might arise would be the response of the questionnaire as it is an uncontrolled variable hence the low response might pose a question on the reliability of the collected data through it and the quality as well, these are a few challenges that pose a formidable threat in the success of the research. Data Analysis The collected data through the above means would be aligned in a logical, synchronized and sequential, organizational frame to analyse it and evaluate the data so that the applicable information could be take out from the data, the data analysis would undertake both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative method This approach centres on numbers which are employed as characteristics to quantify data the outcome is numerical form of a recoded data which is further used for statistical analysis, this proves to be a reliable tools providing the numerical data for the empirical study and statistical analysis, this is further classifies into descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics It constitutes a measure of central tendency which are required in the research like mean median and mode and the measure of variability like standard deviation which would provide a numerical analysis of the research Inferential statistics This statistical tool helps to test the hypothesis and the similar findings of the data sample and eliminates unwanted data by means of deduction With the statistical inference which are drawn out of the questionnaires survey and interviews of the research; the data could be presented in a graphical form, histograms and pie chart, during the course of the research Microsoft word excel and spread sheet could be used for the purpose of diagram representation and these tools will help to evaluate the research. Qualitative Approach Qualitative research is explores the meaning rather drawing an inference based on the numerical statistical analysis, hence its approaches include case study interviews focus groups. Literary criticism The way the data has to be drafted for the research aiming at the content applicable for the research purpose taking the theory and literature into account and critically evaluating them. Thematic coding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"The data collected is coded or labelled which is to classify data to gather relevant data making it more easily accessible and easy to understand as similar data is grouped in a thematic idea which makes comparison of different cases in respect to the research simpler for the researcher. Time scale and plan The research is planned in an organised framework, the planning and scientific collection of data using qualitative and quantitative method and evaluating it, filtering the required content and theories analysing the applicable data to the research, hence the time span is estimated to be 11 weeks , that is broadly classified as 1 weeks for data collection primary as well as 1 week for secondary data and then 1 week to evaluate the relevance then move on to the important part of literature review in the next 2 weeks , methodology of research would be aimed to completed in another 2 weeks data analysis 2 weeks and conclusion and 1 week to review and get peer review to get the better understanding the next week amend changes if required and finally submit within the week hence the research is completed in time and submitted in a effective and efficient manner. Conclusion The research topic gives food for thought, as the market is evolving hence it would highlight the changes undertaken by the MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s over the period of time in their strategy as in the earlier years Corporate Social Responsibility was not a significant part of the policies and strategy however with the change in time it has been realised the crucial role it plays for every multinational entity and provide comprehensive insight in the functionality and approach, this research will be conducted evaluating the secondary data due to its high authenticity and availability drawing inferences from the different theory applied by the prior researchers and finding new dimensions that is applicable to the times of today as we are pulling out of recession, hence low income countries are the lucrative market and cheap labour source presents an opportunity for the MNC to reap profit and the share knowledge and the country too benefits with the inward Foreign Direct Investment brin ging more employment and capital hence the topic of the thesis is dealt with a contemporary approach to provide a fresh perspective.

Instagram Free Essays

Introduction to entrepreneurship Midterm assignment Kevin Systrom, founder and CEO of Instagram Introduction Kevin Systrom is an American entrepreneur most known as CEO and founder of Instagram, the most popular worldwide sharing application. This program has 85 million users and 4 billion photos were shared. So what makes it so special? It is a combination of passion for photography and weal to make it easy and available for everyone by just using your mobile. We will write a custom essay sample on Instagram or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kevin says â€Å"It’s one thing to share the photo but another for that photo to look gorgeous and be something you would like to keep forever. †(Systrom,2012) The reason why I decide to report Kevin Systrom is in my opinion he gives the best example how great idea can be transformed into successful company in very limited amount of time. Second after completing my research I realized that innovation made by him would have huge influence on social network in future. Last but not least his set of mind, values and personal characteristics fulfill my vision of perfect entrepreneurial set of mind. Entrepreneurial path and mind-set Kevin Systrom was interested in entrepreneurship from very young age; his mother used to work for a monster. com back than and currently is an employee of Zip Car. Since that time technology was exiting for him, he took decision to go to private school that was an hour drive away in order to take computer science classes, as he considered them fun and useful. With the age of 12 he found the way to block his friend cursors and knock them offline. In his free time Kevin was creating websites for his friends and classmates, an example can be PhotoBox created in order to post pictures from latest keg party. He applied to Stanford with the intent to study computer science, but after taking the first course in advance programing he realized it was probably not a right thing for him. He used to spend 40 hours per week studying it and could barely get B. So he switched to management science. He says, â€Å"It basically taught me how to be an investment banker. †(Systrom,2012) What really stands out for me is Kevin,he is really open minded and ready to explore new things. He is always looking for opportunity to get some experience even if it doesn’t seem applicable at the moment he believes it can be useful in long-term perspective as long as you do intellectual activities. During his junior years in Stanford he went to Florence, Italy in order to study Photography. Combing this experience with his technological background helped him to create open platform for visual media, which gained such a success. Being in Florence he also applied for a program created for young entrepreneurs, the core idea of it put students in groups of 12 people and paired them with successful entrepreneurs in order to share experience about structure of deals, fundraising and recruitment of people. The program’s co-director, Tina Seelig, says, â€Å"Systrom stood out as an obvious  ­entrepreneur, he was always building things—always experimenting. It was in his nature to be looking at the world through the lens of ‘Where’s the opportunity here? ’† (Bertani, 2012) He completed his first summer internship at Odeo (that would later create Twitter), it was where he realized that he wanted to become and entrepreneur and got the first real feel of it. During this internship an important contact was made, he was working in a pair with Jack Dorsey, later the creator of Twitter. In future he will help Instagram to gain that popularity. Once Systrom was hired for a project manager position at Google. After about a year working there he realized his hunger for a start up. Soon after he came up with the idea of Instagram, called Burbn back than. In winter 2010 Stanford education and his ability to communicate helped him to make right connections for the future. It is important to meet people, communicate and keep in touch, that what in the end really makes difference. Steve Anderson, whom he met during his VC meet ups, got interested in his idea and agreed to invest $250,000 needed to start the company with the only condition, he wanted Systrom to bring in cofounder. He contacted Mike Krieger, another Stanford graduate with a majored degree in symbolic system, and proposed to join Burbn as cofounder. Mike got interested in this offer. It was the first check in service that he actually liked, so he accepted the offer. Systrom was able to identify a gap in a market place; it was decided to create photo- only, mobile-based service. He says, â€Å"It was an opportunity to create a new type of service, a social network that wasn’t based on a computer but computer in your hands†(Systrom,2012) His creativity and ability to come up with not obvious decision were crucial for the company development. Once during his holidays in Mexico, his girlfriend told him she wanted her pictures to look as beautiful as pictures of their friend, who was a fan of photography and used different filters. It was a point where Kevin realized what Instagram was missing and spent the rest of the day working on this idea. Not long after first filter was added to program features and users loved. It helped to make even average mobile picture special. On the 6th of October 2010 Instagram became available in apple app, over the night it was downloaded by 25,000 users. With a help of Adam D’Angelo, whom he knew from flat party in Stanford they managed to get on Amazon com servers. In a meter of month 1 million users were using Instagram on regular bases. In April this year Mark Zuckenberg offered to purchase Instagram for $1 billion, with Systrom’s skake of 40% or $400 million. It is quite shocking as Instagram is a company with zero revenue and only 14 employees, however Facebook is highly interested in a mobile platform with 85 millions users. â€Å"This is the first thing I’ve seen that feels like it’s truly native to mobile,† says Matt Cohler, the former VP of product management at Facebook. Bertani, 2012) It was decided that even after buying out, Kevin Systrom would run Instagram independently. The company is at the beginning stage of its growth. It’s currently working only with AOS, but Android and web will also be considered in future. Failure and actions As company activities are based on innovatio n the risk of is failure is quite high. There is a myth that successful startups based on single great idea Kevin however claims that there are only couple that entered and ended up doing exactly same thing. Idea is not something you can just wake up one day with, you have to take steps, find solutions and solve problems in order to create something valuable. In fact the idea of Instagram is based on another application created by Systrom, called Burbn. It was really simple and basic with only four different tabs, created as check in service, the innovative thing about it was like no other service Burbn gave people an option to attach their photos together with a location. It was discovered users are not checking in that much however they love to share their pictures. Burbn didn’t become successful. It was too hard to explain to people outside their friend group. Kevin and his team even joked that it didn’t pass the Bar test, meaning the idea was not clear enough to be explained in a noisy bar. It is important to present your product to customer as quickly as possible; it is a big mistake to wait for too long. The â€Å"right way to fail† is to fail early and often, in this way you don’t waste your recourses and you are able to identify if the direction in which you are working is right to fulfill people’s needs. Kevin believes that it’s totally normal to fail in the organization. Failure is required in order for right solution to be found. When Burbn was presented to people it turned out to be most Eye opening experience and he realized the idea has to be refined. The company was continuously failing with Burbn, so based on this experience the idea was changed. The check in was demoted and photos were promoted, in a new program (Instagram) you start with a photo and then optionally you can add a location and it turn out to make a huge difference. During the process of development filters were added and it was a break through for Instagram, as they realized they want to make photos better for people. Kevin states, â€Å"We were thinking how to encourage people to take more photos and we realized we want their photos to look better†. (Systrom,2012) Motivation The main drive and motivation for Kevin Systrom is a strong belief in what he is doing. The company Instagram didn’t want to build just a fun application, what it is aiming for is an application that solves problems and making people’s life better. The idea of Instagram in long term is a program that helps you to explore the world, your way to get news and experience events you were not able to attend. The ability to tune in any place in the world and see what is going on. They want to become world-changing company. It is first truly International network, as you don’t need to speak the same language in order to communicate through visual media. The obsession with his idea is highly beneficial for the company. As entrepreneur he works all the time, sometimes he skips birthday parties and has luck of sleep in order to solve the problem that may appear. He is exited about what he is doing and always looking for solutions and ways how to give world something it was asking for during a long period of time. Conclusion The goal of this report was to research and analyze the entrepreneurial path of Kevin Systrom. And to find an answer what is a key to his success. Through the report I have learnt few important lessons that can be useful for my future career. The first of them is you can fail in order to find the right answer, it is completely normal to make mistakes, what is more important is to be able to find solutions and ways to improve. Usually the idea you will start with it’s not going to be exactly the same with your final idea. Second thing that I would like to keep in mind after finishing this report is its importance to hire right people. With the example of Instagram we can see that 14 really talented people can run a company in such a successful way. As well it is critical to find people who share passion for what you are doing. Reference Bertoni, S. (2012, August, 01). Instagram’s Kevin Systrom: The Stanford Billionaire Machine Strikes Again. Retrieved October,10,2012, from http://www. forbes. com/sites/stevenbertoni/2012/08/01/instagrams-kevin-systrom-the-stanford-millionaire-machine-strikes-again/4/ Kevin Systrom,Mike Krieger (2011,May 11). From Stanford to Startup [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved October 10,2012, from http://ecorner. stanford. edu/authorMaterialInfo. html? mid=2735 Noer, M. (n. d. ). 30 under 30 [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved from http://video. forbes. com/fvn/30-under-30/30-under-30-kevin-systrom/ How to cite Instagram, Papers

Btec Level 3 Mechanical Engineering free essay sample

Plain carbon steel is essentially an alloy of iron and carbon which also contains manganese and a variety of residual elements. These residual elements were either present within the raw materials used in the production process e. g. iron ore and scrap steel additions, or they were added in the production process for a specific purpose, e. g. deoxidization by means of silicon or aluminium. Hence they are called residual elements to distinguish them from alloying elements that are deliberately added according to specified minimum amounts. The term â€Å"cleanliness† refers to the amounts of various phases such as oxides, sulphides and silicates that can be present in steel. The smaller the amount of these phases, the cleaner the steel. For many years steels have been produced by casting the molten steel into moulds and allowing it to solidify into ingots which were then processed by rolling etc. steel produced by ingots is subdivided into four categories according to the deoxidization process used. These categories are rimmed, capped, semi-killed and killed steel. When un-deoxidized steel is cast into an ingot, carbon monoxide is evolved during solidification because the solubility of oxygen decreases as the temperature decreases. 1b) Steels that contain specified amounts of alloying elements, other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese, copper, silicon, sulphur and phosphorus are known as alloy steels. Alloying elements are added to change mechanical or physical properties. Alloy steels are melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually involves 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. Next, the mixture is cast into one of several shapes including blooms, billets and slabs. After various forming steps, the steel is heat treated and then cleaned and polished to give it the desired finish. The semi-finished steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot rolling, in which the steel is heated and passed through huge rolls. After the steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step. Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled conditions to relieve internal stresses and soften the metal. Some steels are heat treated for higher strength. However, heat treatment requires careful control, for even small changes from the recommended temperature, time, or cooling rate can seriously affect the properties. 1c) Plain carbon steel is used in many industries such as in the construction of roads, railways, infrastructures, appliances, and buildings. Carbon steel is used to erect a strong and lasting frame to most modern buildings, steel beams (girders), joists and studs are engineered to create the skeleton of a building. Steel is also used in a variety of construction materials, such as pipes, tubing, plates, bolts, nails, screws and equipment like tools, bulldozers, cranes etc. 1d) In the construction industry, gears, pipes, beams, w shape beams , boilers, pressure valves and other things are fabricated from alloy steels. By coupling additional elements to the carbon and iron based building metal you can strengthen it to withstand quite a bit more. Alloy steels can be non-magnetic, high-quality, and corrosion-proof. Furthermore they can be used in highly demanding applications such as commercial steel buildings, turbine blades in jet engines, spacecrafts and nuclear reactors. Stainless steel is the most widely known alloy steel. What distinguishes stainless steel from carbon steels is that it contains a minimum of 10% chromium. As a consequence, stainless steel building metal is resistant to staining, and is rust proof, which makes it perfect for cooking utensils, cutlery, jewelry as well as aircraft parts, architectural components, and surgical implements. 2) In the production of aluminium, first the ore is mixed with a hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The NaOH will dissolve the oxides of aluminium and silicon but not other impurities such as iron oxides, which remains insoluble. The insoluble materials are removed by filtration. The solution which now contains the oxides of aluminium and silicon are next treated by bubbling carbon dioxide gas through the solution. Carbon dioxide forms a weak acid solution of carbonic acid which neutralizes the sodium hydroxide from the first treatment. This neutralization selectively precipitates the aluminium oxide, but leaves the silicates in solution. Again filtration is used for the separation. After this stage the purified aluminium oxide is heated to evaporate the water. The molten mixture is then electrolysed with a very large current and the aluminium ions are reduced to form aluminium metal The physical properties of aluminium make it a perfect material for construction. Its light weight means that the load on the bearing structure is less, and its strength makes it suitable for a great variety of solutions. Its resistance to corrosion gives it special advantages: aluminium is perfect for regions with severe weather conditions. Finally, its fluidity gives freedom to architects and designers. Aluminium extruded, rolled and cast products are commonly used for window frames and other glazed structures ranging from shop fronts to large roof superstructures for shopping centres and stadiums, for roofing, siding and curtain walling as well as for cast door handles, catches for windows, staircases, heating and air-conditioning systems, power lines and the list goes on. 3) Plastics are produced using a process called polymerization, where many thousands of monomers are joined together to form a polymer chain. Monomers are made of atoms like chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur. Monomers are easily extracted from abundant organic. There are two main types of plastics, thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics. Both are produced by pouring liquid monomers into a mould where they undergo polymerization. Thermosetting plastics are permanent once moulded, they do not deform under heat. Thermoplastics will melt under heat can be reformed repeatedly. The polymerization process increases the molecular weight of the constituent molecules, turning liquid monomers into solid polymers. (Increase of molecular weight causes the substance to undergo a phase change). During the moulding process, the monomer soup is superheated and condensed under many atmospheres worth of pressure. This causes polymerization to occur and ensures that the plastic is solid and uniform, lacking any internal air bubbles. Specialist plastic and rubber fabrications are used in a wide variety of industries including, civil engineering, medical, aerospace, military, atomic energy, marine and automotive. Many products are used to contain aggressive chemicals which could be hazardous if not properly controlled. Furthermore the uses and advantages of plastics and rubbers are endless throughout the industries, some examples of these are, sealing, jointing and finishing products, containing applications, bio-degradable applications, hoses, wheels, profiles and consumables. 4a) Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics by causing coalescence. This is often done by heating the work pieces and adding a material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat or by itself to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involves melting a lower-melting point material between the work pieces to form a bond between them. Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame (oxy-acetylene), an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in man different environments including open air and under water. Welding is generally the simplest, fastest, and most cost-effective method, at least in the case of structural metals. Welding doesnt require parts to fit exactly. Methods like bolts or screws require some type of flange or overlap of parts, so with welding, weight and material savings can be realized. A high quality weld can often be stronger than the parts to be joined, though this should not be depended on. 4b) Welding, without the proper precautions, can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice. However, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of burns is significant. To prevent them, welders wear protective clothing in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Goggles and helmets with dark face plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, transparent welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets. Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. Processes like flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce smoke containing particles of various types of oxides. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, with smaller particles presenting a greater danger. Additionally, many processes produce various gases, most commonly carbon dioxide and ozone, and fumes that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Furthermore, because the use of compressed gases and flames in many welding processes pose an explosion and fire risk, some common precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air and keeping combustible materials away from the workplace. 4d) Pipe Cutters A tubing or pipe cutter is a hand tool specifically designed to cut pipe. It works by clamping onto a portion of the pipe and cutting through it using a small, round blade. As the tool is rotated it tightens, causing the blade to slowly dig into the pipe, eventually sawing all the way through. Tubing and pipe cutters are easy to use and provide a straight cut and edge to weld. Pipe Clamps For clamping pipelines on the outside whilst welding is taking place on straight sections, pipeline flanges or bends. Various types of external pipe clamps are suited to different applications. Chain clamps are extremely versatile for holding pipes up to 54 suitable for elbows, tees, flanges, end caps and most other pipe fittings. Ratchet Line-up cage clamps are very strong and accurate, but are also lightweight with either standard flat cross bars or no tack arched cross bars. External Hydraulic (no tack) Line-up cage clamps lines up pipe for welding to enable the maximum weld to be made without moving the clamp and comes with hand toggle or powerful hydraulic for accurate alignment. JA Type Mechanical Pipe Clamps allow efficient preparation of welding, whilst allowing easy handling but at the same time optimized working security, ensuring safety and peace of mind. 5a) Stress is the internal resistance, or counterforce, of a material to the distorting effects of an external force or load. These counterforces tend to return the atoms to their normal positions. The total resistance developed is equal to the external load. This resistance is known as stress. Stress = ? = [pic] S = stress (psi or lbs of force per in? ) F = applied force (lbs of force) A = cross-sectional area (in? ) Stresses occur in any material that is subject to a load or any applied force. There are many types of stresses. 5b) Strain Strain is defined as deformation of a solid due to stress and can be expressed as the strain of elongation from its original length. Strain = [pic] [pic] 5c) Shear Shear stress exists when two parts of a material tend to slide across each other in any typical plane of shear upon application of force parallel to that plane. [pic] 5d) Tension Tensile stress is that type of stress in which the two sections of material on either side of a stress plane tend to pull apart or elongate. [pic] 5e) Compression Compressive stress is the reverse of tensile stress. Adjacent parts of the material tend to press against each other through a typical stress plane.

Prostitution in Nevada and United States Prostitution free essay sample

Prostitution is â€Å"the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money.†(#1). What many people do not know is that prostitution is legal in many nations.â€Å"61% of nations all over the world have legalized at least some kind of prostitution. Since 1971, it has been legal in rural counties in Nevada, where about 300 women work in brothels regulated by local ordinances.†(#2). Although some say prostitution is wrong , more than half of the world’s nations including the state of nevada have made it legal ,with restrictions of course. â€Å"Nations differ in the kinds of regulations imposed on legal actors. Some restrict it to designated parts of the city, while others allow it to be more dispersed. Some mandate regular health examinations to check for STDs. Some require condom use, while others simply encourage it. Some require sex workers to be registered with the authorities, though is widely opposed by the workers, who fear that this information may become publicly available. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution in Nevada and United States Prostitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most require business owners (of brothels, escort agencies, saunas) to be licensed, and the authorities conduct periodic site visits to ensure that the regulations are being complied with. Where such licensing exists, officials often screen applicants to make sure that they have no criminal record or connections to organized crime.† (#2). The many places that do allow prostitution differ on their way of restricting and regulating what happens and how the prostitutes are treated.â€Å"In 49 states of the United States prostitution is a crime, punishable by fines, public outing, prison time and a number of other, unpleasant things that vary from one jurisdiction to another. Nevada is the only state that has made prostitution legal, and the result? Leaps and bounds in tourism revenue, tax revenue shot through the roof and the state has attracted thousands more residents and businesses inside its borders. If prostitution is so good for a state though, there has to be a downside somewhere, right? After all, prostitution is associated with sexually transmitted diseases, infidelity, drug use, violent crime, illegal immigration and organized syndicates just to name a few. However all of these things, except perhaps for the infidelity, go away when prostitution is made legal. Just because prostitution (which is documented as one of the worlds oldest professions, mind you) is illegal, this doesnt make the demand for sex go away. The same is true for the prohibition on alcohol that went on during in the early part of the twentieth century. And what did  making alcohol illegal do? It made everyone who had regularly consumed it a buyer in a black market, which meant that rather than dealing out in public with reputable figures they had to deal with bathtub gin manufacturers and home brew specialist.†(#3).As seen in places where prostitution is legal one cannot deny the fact that leaps have been made towards the better. Legalizing prostitution could be very beneficial , for example helping the United States economy, aiding the criminal justice system, stopping the spread of STD, and much more.Prostitution is not necessarily a topic people talk about when it comes to helping the U.S. economy, but what many don’t know is that it could potentially help the economy greatly. The biggest impact that the legalization of prostitution can have on the economic sector is through the generation of revenue in the form of income taxes. Findings by Chris Ayres of The Times indicate that, â€Å" based on the current rates of income of an employee at a Nevada brothel, the ability to generate tax revenue is bound to contribute at least $20,000 in federal income taxes per year per person. Using the current estimate of over one million women prostituted in this nation, this industry is bound to raise at least $20 billion per year . It is needless to say that money generated from this industry can go a long way towards helping the nation, as it can be used to build homeless shelters, further education, fix highways.†(#4). Just the simple act of taxing a now legal job like prostitution would undoubtedly help the economy and the nation.Legalized prostitution can also help address the problem of unemployment in this nation, ultimately helping the economy. Among the many economic struggles, unemployment seems to be one of the biggest.†According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), five million Americans are currently unemployed long-term. This results in the inability for many to provide a comfortable living for themselves, as well as their families. The Prostitutes’ Education Network (2008) states that over one million Americans, which is about 1% of the population, have worked as prostitutes at one point or another in their lifetime.†(#4). This shows that people are willing to part-take in this industry if necessary. These one million , though only 1% of the population, could potentially help with the unemployment rate. There may be even more people willing to join this profession, but they stay away from it because it is illegal. All these facts backup the idea that legalizing prostitution may decrease the  unemployment rate and ultimately benefiting the economy.The Criminal Justice System would also be greatly affected by the legalization of prostitution. â€Å"According to findings by Howard N. Snyder of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012), the state of California alone had a total number of 11,334 people arrested for prostitution in the year 2010. Considering a significant amount of time and effort is put into fighting prostitution and keeping prostitutes from the public streets, legalized prostitution would reduce the amount of street monitoring needed, as most prostitutes would be in brothels.†(#4). Because prostitution is illegal the law force has to monitor the streets, taking time away from officers who could focus on more important crimes. If prostitution was legalized the fines for prostitution would go away, less people would be unemployed , and the law force could help with more important things in the community. In addition, to the freedom to focus on other safety issues, the legalization of prostitution would help the Criminal Justice System to address the problem of overpopulation in correctional facilities, and help the process of prison rehabilitation. â€Å" In the state of Texas for example, more than three hundred and fifty prostitutes occupy bunks in state prisons (Associated Press, 2012). Although this is not a significant amount, all it takes is an additional number of one hundred inmates to create overpopulation in a facility intended to house a thousand†(#4). If prostitution was legal, the number of these people in the facilities would disappear, eliminating overcrowding. Without having to spend money to accommodate, feed, and dress the incarcerated prostitutes, not only is the state now saving money, but it’s also allowing money to be spent on the other prisoners who need it for their rehabilitation. â€Å"The legalization of prostitution would ensure the protection of the prostitutes involved, eliminating the need for victimization cases related to the job. According to Linda Lowen of about.com (2002), a lot of prostitutes are abused by pimps, or even clients, yet fail to report the incidents to law enforcement due to fear of being arrested for prostituting in the first place.† (#4). Because prostitution is illegal , prostitutes can’t even report anything done to them to the law enforcement , their safety is at risk and no one can do anything about it. â€Å"Making prostitution legal will allow the act to be managed instead of ignored. Pimps and organized crime figures, who regularly treat their  workers on subhuman levels, would no longer control women. In some countries, prostitute rings buy and sell women on the black market, force their women to comply through violence and create unhealthy working conditions. When prostitutes operate independently and in secret, many times they become abused by their own customers†.(#5). Legalizing prostitution would make way for communication between law enforcement and the prostitutes themselves. With legalization, the danger of having to go somewhere discreet and dangerous is eliminated , due to the fact that the prostituting would be done primarily at a brothel.Both the customer and the prostitute would be at little to no risk of any danger, benefiting the criminal justice system and the nation as a whole. A very important subject that is brought up when talking about legalization of prostitution is health and STDs. â€Å"Prostitutes overwhelmingly work outside the law. This has implications for their health that are hard to quantify. In one Australian study carried out in 1998, the prevalence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections was 80 times greater in 63 illegal street prostitutes than in 753 of their legal brothel counterparts. Legally sanctioned encouragement of prostitutes to use condoms or access screening services, both major determinants of the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, is impossible because of their illegal status. Occupational health and safety law is applied to prostitutes in lawful brothels but not to their counterparts on the street.† (#6). When someone thinks about prostitution, usually what comes to mind is STD infestation, which is not the case. Because illegal prostitutes aren’t forced by anyone to get checked up they are usually unaware if they have STDs. and will spread them without even knowing,increasing the STD rate in that region. In Australia, where sex for money is legal, the rate of HIV infection among female prostitutes is so low that prostitution has been removed from the list of known risk factors in HIV surveillance. In the U.S., reliable information is more difficult to come by, but a 1987 Centers for Disease Control study found very low infection rates among prostitutes. At a brothel, condoms would be necessary each and every time during the engagement of sexual activity. Which would greatly reduce the spread of STDs. Not only condoms, but weekly checkups for every prostitute in the brothel would be necessary. Prostitutes would also most likely have to be on a birth control pill, so if the condom doesn’t work they still wont  get unwanted pregnancies. With weekly check ups, birth control pills, and condoms being necessary the spread of STDs and unwanted pregnancies would be nearly eliminated. †¦Prostitution is perhaps the ultimate victimless crime: a consensual transaction in which both parties are supposedly committing a crime, and the person most likely to be charged—the one selling sex—is also the one most likely to be viewed as the victimIts the criminalization of prostitution that does take actual victimsAs with other victimless crimes, the criminalization of prostitution creates a vast breeding ground for corruption, hypocrisy, and morally dubious law enforcement tactics..(#7). Prostitution is illegal in the U.S. ,because most people see it as a crime. If prostitution was any kind of crime it would be a victimless one. It’s considered a victimless crime due to the fact that the act is happening between two consenting adults that agreed to have sex because they both want to gain something. To disagree with the legalization of prostitution morally makes sense, but the facts show that it could be very beneficial to the economy, and because of so, it should be legal.â€Å"Prostitutes are not committing an inherently harmful act. While the spread of disease and other detriments are possible in the practice of prostitution, criminalization is a sure way of exacerbating rather than addressing such effects. We saw this quite clearly in the time of alcohol prohibition in this country.†(#7). Legalizing Prostitution is comparable to the legalization of alcohol back in 1933. During the alcohol prohibition gangs and small groups of people would sell alcohol illegally, because it was a good way to make money and gain power. Later the twenty first amendment was passed legalizing alcohol, which allowed the government to control the distribution and tax it. Legalizing alcoholstimulated the economy and provided the government with much-needed tax revenue and stopped gangs from gaining power through illegal sales, ultimately lowering organized crime associated with alcohol. Legalizing prostitution would be like ratifying the 21st amendment. As history shows ,by legalizing something illegal and taxing it, the government is able to control it, help the economy, and potentially lower crime.Personally I see prostitution as a job that could help a majority of the unemployed in the U.S. It’s not moral to have sex for money, but sometimes people just don’t have any other way of making the money they need, to maintain; a roof over their head, clothes on  their back, and food in their stomach. The fact that the industry is bound to raise at least $20 billion per year is ridiculous and it surprises me that the nation, as a whole, hasnt decided to legalize a potential job the many unemployed Americans could take on. About 1 million U.S. citizens have admitted to have worked as a prostitute at one point or another in their lifetime, which is crazy because they could have done it and kept doing it as a proper job if it was legal. Because prostitution is not legal the law force is required to watch the streets for prostitutes when the law force could be out stopping more important matters. Not to mention, by legalizing prostitution, correction facilities would most likely cease to be overcrowded, saving taxpayer’s money for more important things. With prostitution being legal, there would be no need for a â€Å"pimp†. Gangs would lose power and pimps would eventually disappear. Prostitutes are forced to work in dangerous areas due to the fact of not wanting to be caught doing something illegal, putting their life at risk. At a brothel , violence towards the prostitute would be very unlikely. As for STDs ,they would be very rare and unlikely to spread among prostitutes working in a brothel that has checkups and certain requirements. One of the most important things to remember is that prostitution is not a harmful act, but a victimless crime. There’s no reason to fine or arrest a prostitute, sure it may seem gross, but they’re not hurting anyone.It is the most victemless crime a victimless crime could get, considering whats happening is between two consenting adults. Prostitution should be legal across the U.S. and not frowned upon, like so many do. People need to realize it’s just another job; just another way for one to make money and provide for themselves and/or their famil y.

Symbolism Through Color Usage In Song of Solomon essays

Symbolism Through Color Usage In Song of Solomon essays Colors bring exuberance and flavor to writing. They capture the reader's attention and fill the novel with expressive and inventive symbols. Toni Morrison possesses an extraordinary artistic talent with writing. Phrases like "blood red squares of velvet, "berry-black lips, and "jungle-red wine" leave readers awestruck from page one of Song of Solomon. Using this spectacular talent, Morrison intensifies every page with intricate descriptions of color and emotions. The incredible journey of Milkman, the main character in the novel, is not in any way simple, and neither is Morrison's writing. From the birth that was almost denied to Milkman, to his journey to enlightenment, not one sentence lacks vivid color usage, and thus gives Song of Solomon revealing symbolism, uniqueness, and an ability to amaze its audience. The first use of symbolism uses not only color as a source of information, but the words additionally foreshadow what the Dead family life will be like for years to come. Macon Dead's disappointment in his young, innocent daughters "sifted down on them like ash, dulling their buttery complexions and choking the lilt out of what should have been girlish voices." This sentence alone represents how bright and full of life Corinthians and Lena are, yet their own father slowly drains the flamboyance and boldness from their lives. Macon's lack of compassion, along with his sovereignty in the household, connects to the rest of the novel by instilling fear and sub-dominance in the girls, which they constantly try to overcome. This scene alone gives Macon a heartless and cold feel for the course of the novel. The symbol of the "blood red" roses is introduced next. Though these flowers fill the girls' lives, the red velvet roses additionally represent them and tell the story of their lives as well. Like these roses, the girls are beautiful and exuberant, yet they are also lifeless, with no emotions apparent to the o...

MANAGING CONFLICT IN A DIVERSE WORKPLACE REPORT Case Study

MANAGING CONFLICT IN A DIVERSE WORKPLACE REPORT - Case Study Example According to the research conducted by Kirchmayer (1993 cited in Syed & Ãâ€"zbilgin, 2010) it has been found that conflict in the workplace is likely to arise when people belong to different cultural background. In a culturally diverse workplace each player has different attitudes towards conflict management and decision-making approach. Complications and misunderstandings are integral parts of culturally different workplace. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the cases of various types of conflicts in the workplace that have arisen from differences that ranges from gender to nationality and from sexual orientation to issues of pregnancy. The underlying reasons behind the problems and their implications have been discussed. The given case can be treated as a classic example of a misreading of signals. The approach taken by Strong was not outright wrong and the reaction of Mayer was not fully unjustified. It is difficult to point out the culprit per se. However, it can be argued that Mr. Strong should have â€Å"known better† by considering the reaction he had from Ms. Mayer for the first time they had interacted in the parking lot. Ms. Mayer had shown initial signs of irritation in the first meeting which should have provided the hint for Mr. Strong. In the research conducted by Corr and Jackson (2001) had shown that the perception of males of females of what constitutes sexual harassment are quite different. In the research that has been conducted in relation to sexual harassment it has been found that sexually-oriented behavior in non-work relationship is more acceptable than the same behavior in work relationships (Browne, 1997). This situation is more likely in the present case. The reaction of Miss. Bliss to the behavior of Mr. Law should have been more formal and stern. Miss. Bliss should have confronted about the situation

The importance of empowerment and equality in ethical work with young Essay

The importance of empowerment and equality in ethical work with young people in youth work and community work - Essay Example This is the reason that whenever we talk about youth now, the first thing that strikes our mind is fun loving and carefree community. But then people began to realize that youth or teenagers have a different mindset and they need to be dealt accordingly. They need to be treated in a way where there get full freedom of speech, liberty of expression and a platform for the implementation of their plans and ideas. Therefore to increase youth’s participation in the economy and to encourage them youth work was initiated in Britain and Northern Ireland. "Like parenting, we all think we can do it. Unlike parenting you can gain professional qualifications in youth and community work." Tracie Trimmer-Platman The National Youth Agency presented a statement of values and principles in the form of ethical conduct in youth work. According to that conduct the behavior of all the individuals involved in the youth work should be based on some norms and must ensure effective delivery of service s, modeling proper behavior to young people, trust between workers, parents of the young people and the youth itself. Youth work aims to contribute to the personal, professional and social development of the young generation. Like religion, work and employment cannot be imposed on anyone. One can never do the work he or she is not interested in doing. And even in case of enforcement the productivity and learning both are zilch. One needs to have the love, passion and at least some level of interest in the work he is doing. Youth work helps the individuals to build their confidence, to develop self awareness, to evaluate alternatives and make independent judgments and decisions. There are some core principles like Empowerment, Equality, Informal Education and also Participation that play a very important role in youth work. With these principles youth work helps the individuals to take control over their own lives. It actually adds to their overall formal, academic and vocational edu cation too. â€Å"Age does not yield superiority; passion and love put everyone on an equal playing field.† Lisa Silverman, 17, Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Maryland To have a successful youth work, it is very important for a youth worker to have a fair idea of equality , empowerment and all ethical values that are important to be followed at a workplace. Power, leadership and authority is loved by all but when it comes to dominance or the feeling of being ruled by someone at work or even in our routine life, people start hating it. Same is the case with youth. They feel as they are born leaders and authoritarians and no one can dominate or rule them. That is why in youth work, power is delegated to youth for expressing, decision making and taking action whenever required. Research shows that empowerment plays a very important role and is the fostering tool for youth development and citizenship. According to a consolidated research by World Health Organization and O ttawa Charter for Health Promotion, empowerment is a transactional partnering process between adults and youth. It also said, â€Å"Let’s let them try. Let’s let them experience this. Let’s give them an opportunity. You have to create those opportunities in order for it to happen. I think that is the first part†